STRVCTVRAL 
DRAWING 


C.F.EDMINSTER 


LIBRARY 

OF  THE 

UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA. 


Class 


STRUCTURAL    DRAWING 

BY 
C.  FRANKLIN   EDMINSTER 

»  • 

INSTRUCTOR  IN  DEPARTMENT  OF  FINE  AND  APPLIED  ARTS, 

PRATT  INSTITUTE,  BROOKLYN,   NEW  YORK. 


FIRST  EDITION, 

PUBLISHED  BY  THE  AUTHOR. 


StNtHAt 

COPYRIGHT,   1907,   BY  C.   FRANKLIN   EDMINSTER. 


PREFACE. 


IN  preparing  this  work,  the  author  has  aimed 
to  present  to  the  mechanic  and  others  who  are 
interested,  a  systematic  course  of  instruction  in 
structural  drawing,  beginning  with  the  standard 
forms  and  leading  to  the  typical  columns,  girders, 
trusses,  and  framing  details. 

The  drawings  are  made  as  simple  as  possible, 
and  many  isometric  views  are  given  to  further  as- 
sist in  reading  and  understanding  the  subject. 


A  few  problems  in  geometry  and  projection 
have  been  introduced  for  the  benefit  of  those  who 
have  not  studied  drawing:  also  a  short  chapter 
covering  the  general  notes  on  drawing  materials. 

The  student  should  begin  with  the  first  plate 
and  follow  in  the  order  given,  mastering  each  prob- 
lem in  succession. 

C.   FRANKLIN    EDMINSTER 


174531 


CONTENTS. 


CHAPTER  PAGE 

I.     Notes  on  Materials  7 
II.     Geometrical  Problems   -  13 
III.     Simple  Projection.  Introducing  the  Prin- 
ciples of  Working  Drawings  -        -  24 


CHAPTER 

IV.     Structural  Details  - 
V.     Steel  Mill  Construction 
VI.     Iron  Staircase  Construction 


PAGE 

38 
1 08 
132 


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STRUCTURAL    DRAWING. 


CHAPTER    I. 

NOTES  ON   MATERIALS. 


THE  student  beginning  the  study  of  struc- 
tural drawing  should  provide  himself  with  the 
necessary  instruments  of  a  good  quality.  He 
should  not  be  hampered  by  using  inferior  ma- 
terials, as  many  difficulties  will  arise  under  even 
the  best  conditions. 

Drawing  Boards. — One  of  the  best  methods 
of  making  a  drawing  board  is  to  glue  together 
narrow  strips  of  boards,  fastening  two  cleats 
(about  two  inches  wide)  across  the  back  in 
such  a  way  that  there  will  be  perfect  freedom 
for  the  wood  to  expand  and  contract,  which  it 
surely  will  do  as  the  humidity  of  the  atmos- 
phere changes.  This  freedom  may  be  obtained 


by  cutting  slots  in  the  cleats  through  which  the 
screws  pass  and  placing  iron  washers  under  the 
heads  of  the  screws.  A  much  cheaper  board 
can  be  constructed  by  securing  narrow  pieces 
across  each  end,  which  serve  to  hold  the  board 
from  warping.  This  form  of  board  will  answer 
very  well,  especially  if  the  paper  used  is  not 
stretched.  It  is  extremely  important  that  one 
end  and  one  side  of  the  board  should  be  per- 
fectly straight. 

Drawing  Paper. — Drawing  paper  that  is  to 
be  used  for  general  draughting  and  line  work 
in  pencil  or  ink  should  have  a  firm,  smooth 
surface  that  is  not  easily  roughened  when  era- 


STRUCTURAL    DRAWING. 


sures  are  made.  As  a  rule,  paper  that  is  well 
adapted  to  line  work  will  not  receive  a  flat 
wash  readily.  Paper  suitable  for  wash  drawings 
is  made  with  a  surface  less  firm  but  rougher 
than  for  line  work.  Whatman's  cold  pressed 
paper  possesses  unusual  properties,  in  that  it 
works  well  for  both  line  and  wash  drawings. 
For  general  detail  work,  some  of  the  tinted 
papers  are  more  pleasant  to  work  upon  than 
white,  as  the  white  is  rather  trying  to  the  eyes, 
especially  when  used  in  the  evening.  For  highly 
finished  drawings,  however,  white  paper  is  gen- 
erally preferred.  The  right  side  of  the  paper 
can  usually  be  determined  by  holding  it  to  the 
light  and  finding  the  water-mark,  which  should 
read  correctly  on  the  side  used.  Drawing  paper 
may  be  obtained  in  sheets  of  standard  sizes  as 
follows:  Cap,  i3"xi;";  Demy,  15"  x  20"; 
Medium,  i7"x22";  Royal,  I9"x24";  Super 
Royal,  19"  x  27";  Imperial,  22"x3o";  Ele- 
phant, 23"  x  28";  Atlas,  26"  x  34" ;  Double 
Elephant,  27"x4o";  Antiquarian,  3i"x53"; 


Emperor,  48"  x  68".  The  above  terms  apply 
only  to  the  sizes  of  the  sheets,  and  not  in  any 
way  to  grade  or  quality  of  the  paper. 

T-Square. — The  T-square  is  made  of  two 
parts,  the  head  and  blade,  which  are  fastened 
together  at  right  angles  to  each  other.  This 
instrument  should  be  used  for  drawing  horizon- 
tal lines  only,  always  holding  the  head  against 
the  left-hand  edge  of  the  board.  Should  the 
draughtsman  allow  himself  to  use  either  left  or 
right  side  of  the  board  at  will,  the  results  ob- 
tained would  be  very  inaccurate,  owing  to  the 
fact  that  two  ends  or  sides  of  the  board  are  sel- 
dom, if  ever,  parallel.  Again,  many  times  the 
T-square  blade  does  not  form  right  angles  with 
the  head.  One  may  readily  see  that  horizontal 
lines  drawn  under  such  conditions  would  not 
be  parallel. 

Triangles. — The  draughtsman  should  provide 
himself  with  two  triangles ;  the  45°,  and  the 
30°  and  60°.  The  triangles  are  used  for  draw- 
ing all  lines  that  are  not  horizontal.  Vertical 


STRUCTURAL   DRAWING. 


lines  should  always  be  drawn  by  placing  the  tri- 
angle on  the  upper  edge  of  the  T-square  blade, 
holding  the  pencil  or  pen  in  a  plane  perpendic- 
ular to  the  surface  of  the  paper,  inclining  it 
slightly,  and  drawing  upward,  but  never  down- 
ward. In  drawing  horizontal  lines,  the  pencil 
or  pen  should  be  held  in  a  plane  perpendicular 
to  the  paper,  inclining  it  slightly  to  the  right. 
Draw  from  left  to  right.  Angles  of  45°,  30°, 
60°  and  90°,  with  a  horizontal  line,  can  be  drawn 
at  once  by  placing  the  triangle  on  the  T-square 
blade. 

Instruments. — Instruments  should  be  selected 
with  the  greatest  care.  It  is  much  better  to 
have  a  few  pieces  of  excellent  quality  than  a 
great  number  of  inferior  make.  Choose  qual- 
ity rather  than  quantity.  Instruments  should 
be  well  cared  for,  properly  wiped  each  time 
after  using,  and  the  points  prevented  from  con- 
tact with  hard  substances  which  will  tend  to  in- 
jure them. 

Compasses. — When   drawing  with  the  com- 


passes the  head  should  be  held  lightly  between 
the  thumb  and  two  fingers,  moving  the  leg  con- 
taining the  lead  in  the  direction  traversed  by  the 
hands  of  a  clock,  inclining  it  slightly  in  the 
direction  of  the  line  to  be  drawn.  The  joints 
in  the  legs  should  be  so  adjusted  as  to  keep  the 
lower  sections  perpendicular  to  the  surface  of 
the  paper,  and  when  a  circle  is  of  such  a  size  as 
will  not  admit  of  this  the  lengthening  bar  should 
be  inserted. 

Ruling  Pen: — The  ruling  pen  is  a  very  impor- 
tant instrument  and  should  be  made  of  the  very 
best  hardened  steel ;  if  not,  it  will  give  the  stu- 
dent endless  trouble.  Most  of  the  prepared 
inks  in  general  use  are  provided  with  a  quill  in 
the  cork  of  the  bottle  which  lifts  a  certain 
amount  of  ink.  The  quill  may  be  inserted  be- 
tween the  nibs  of  the  pen  and  the  ink  allowed 
to  flow  into  the  pen.  The  ink  should  not  be 
more  than  one-fourth  of  an  inch  deep  between 
the  nibs.  Clean  the  pen  frequently  by  immers- 
ing it  first  in  clear  water  and  then  passing  a 


STRUCTURAL   DRAWING. 


piece  of  cloth  or  chamois  skin  between  the  nibs. 
The  pen  should  never  be  put  away  after  using 
without  being  thoroughly  cleansed. 

Pencil. — The  character  of  the  work  performed 
by  a  student  is  generally  influenced  by  the 
condition  in  which  he  keeps  his  pencil.  It  is 
impossible  to  do  accurate  work  with  a  dull  pen- 
cil. For  all  rule  work  the  wedge-shaped  point 
possesses  an  advantage  over  the  round  point, 
in  that  it  has  a  greater  wearing  surface,  hence 
will  not  require  sharpening  so  often.  For 
all  freehand  work  nothing  but  the  round  or  con- 
ical point  should  be  used.  Some  draughtsmen 
prefer  this  point  for  rule  work  as  well.  The 
wood  should  be  cut  well  back,  leaving  at  least 
one-fourth  of  an  inch  of  the  lead  exposed.  One 
of  the  best  sharpeners  for  a  pencil  is  a  fine  flat 
file,  on  which  the  lead  should  be  frequently 
applied,  to  produce  a  sharp  point.  Where 
great  accuracy  is  required,  the  beginner  should 
use  a  4  H  pencil.  As  skill  in  draughting  is 
acquired,  a  softer  grade  may  be  substituted.  A 


medium  grade  pencil  should  be  used  for  lin- 
ing-in  the  drawings  where  strength  of  line  is 
required. 

The  Scale. — A  scale  is  an  instrument  used  in 
reducing  a  drawing  that  would  otherwise  be  too 
large  for  the  sheet  of  paper  on  which  it  is  to  be 
placed.  For  instance,  if  we  have  a  building 
measuring  40  x  60  ft.,  the  drawing  may  be  made 
on  a  scale  of  Vt,  of  an  inch  to  i  ft.  The  space 
occupied  upon  the  plate  would  be  10  x  15  in., 
exactly  in  proportion  to  the  actual  size.  In 
using  this  scale,  or  proportion,  we  have  taken 
an  actual  %  of  an  inch  and  considered  it  i  ft. ; 
and  this  being  taken  as  i  ft.  we  divide  it  into 
12  parts,  each  part  being  equal  to  i  in.  There 
will  be  found  several  different  scales  upon  the 
instrument,  all  of  which  are  divided  in  a  similar 
manner. 

Irregular  Curve, — This  instrument  is  used  in 
drawing  curves  that  cannot  be  accomplished  by 
the  use  of  the  compass.  Such  curved  lines  usu- 
ally pass  through  a  succession  of  points  which 


STRUCTURAL    DRAWING. 


II 


have  already  been  found.  The  edge  of  the  ir- 
regular curve  should  be  so  placed  (by  repeated 
trials)  as  to  pass  through  as  many  points  as  pos- 
sible and  also  a  portion  of  the  line  already  drawn. 
Never  draw  through  the  last  point  covered  by 
the  irregular  curve.  This  operation  requires  a 
great  deal  of  care  in  order  to  produce  a  per- 
fectly smooth  curve. 

Penciling, — Too  much  stress  cannot  be  placed 
upon  the  first  penciling  of  a  drawing.  All  draw- 
ings, whether  to  be  inked-in  or  left  in  a  strong 
pencil  line,  should  first  be  worked  out  with  a 
light  line  and  very  accurately  placed.  Many 
students  have  the  feeling  that  they  can  correct 
the  little  errors  while  lining-in  the  drawing ; 
this  is  not  so,  the  chances  being  that  they  will 
greatly  increase  rather  than  diminish  the  faults. 

Inking. — For  highly  finished  drawings  the 
stick  India  ink  is  generally  preferred,  but  for 
ordinary  work  the  prepared  will  be  found  satis- 
factory. The  great  advantage  that  stick  ink 
possesses  over  the  prepared  is,  that  in  case  of 


error  the  line  can  readily  be  removed  with  the 
ordinary  eraser.  The  disadvantage  in  using 
the  stick  ink  is  that  considerable  time  each  day 
is  required  to  grind  a  fresh  supply.  In  inking 
a  drawing  the  student  should  ink  all  circles  and 
arcs  of  circles  first,  then,  beginning  with  the 
upper  horizontal  line,  ink  in  order  those  below. 
With  the  vertical  lines,  begin  on  the  left  side 
of  the  plate  and  ink  each  line  in  succession. 
When  several  lines  meet  at  a  point  always  begin 
to  ink  from  that  point,  allowing  each  successive 
line  to  dry  before  drawing  another,  thus  pre- 
venting a  blot  that  would  otherwise  occur  at 
their  junction. 

Visible  Lines. — The  visible  lines  of  an  object 
are  represented  by  a  full  black  line. 

Invisible  Lines. — Invisible  lines  or  lines  that 
are  hidden  are  represented  by  a  dash  line,  the 
dashes  being  about  one-quarter  of  an  inch  long, 
the  spaces  between  them  being  less  than  one- 
eighth  of  an  inch.  This  line  should  be  of  the 
same  strength  as  a  visible  line. 


12 


STRUCTURAL   DRAWING. 


Working  Lines, — Working  lines  are  used  to 
obtain  certain  results,  and  if  left  in  pencil  should 
be  very  light,  or  if  shown  in  ink,  should  be  very 
light  red  or  short  dash  black  lines. 

Arrow  Heads. — Arrow  heads  should  always 
be  in  black  and  made  with  great  care,  their  points 
just  touching  the  line  to  be  measured. 

Dimensioning. — In  placing  the  dimensions  it 
is  always  well  to  group  as  far  as  possible  and  not 
scatter  them  over  the  entire  drawing.  As  a  rule 
the  same  measurement  should  not  appear  in 
more  than  one  view.  The  measurement  line 
upon  which  the  dimension  is  placed  should  not 
be  drawn  too  near  the  line  measured,  usually 


about  one-quarter  of  an  inch  away.     It  is  cus- 
tomary to  place  all  dimensions  over  twelve  inches, 
as  feet  and  inches,  thus:  5'-6"  (five  feet  and  six 
inches),  or  if  in  even  feet,  thus:  3'-o"(three  feet 
and  no  inches).     When  the  space  between  two 
lines  is  not  sufficient  to  place  the  measurements 
in  the  usual  manner  they  may  be  placed  thus  : 
Horizontal  measurements  should 
ft  read  from  left  to  right,  an  d  vertical 

\J  'lObv^ 

— *—  —*—  measurements  should  read  up- 
ward. Great  care  should  be  taken  in  making 
figures,  as  the  worth  and  appearance  of  the  draw- 
ing depend  greatly  upon  them. 


CHAPTER   II. 

GEOMETRICAL  PROBLEMS. 


Prob.  J. — To  bisect  a  given  straight  line  A  B. 
FROM  points  A  and  B  as  centers  and  with 
any  radius  greater  than  half  of  the  line  A  B, 
describe  arcs  above  and  below,  intersecting  in 
points  i  and  2.  Draw  a  straight  line  through 
points  i  and  2,  cutting  the  line  A  B  at  3,  thus 
bisecting  the  given  line  A  B. 

Prob.  2. — To  bisect  an  arc  of  a  circle  A  B. 
From  a  point  A  as  center  and  with  any  ra- 
dius greater  than  half  of  curve  A  B,  draw  arcs 
above  and  below.  With  B  as  center  and  the 
same  radius,  cut  the  arcs  already  drawn  in  points 
i  and  2.  Draw  a  straight  line  through  points 


i  and  2,  intersecting  the  curve  A  B  in  3,  which 
will  bisect  the  given  arc  A  B. 

Prob.  3. — To  bisect  a  given  angle  ABC 
With  B  as  center  and  any  radius,  draw  an 
arc  cutting  the  lines  B  A  and  B  C  in  points  i 
and  2.  With  points  i  and  2  as  centers  and  any 
radius  greater  than  half  of  arc  i  -  2,  describe 
arcs  intersecting  in  point  3.  Draw  a  line 
through  points  B  and  3  which  will  bisect  the 
given  angle  ABC. 

Prob.  4. — To  trisect  a  given  right  angle  ABC 
With  B  as  center   and  any  radius,  draw  an 
arc  cutting  the  sides  of  the  right  angle  in  points 


STRUCTURAL    DRAWING. 


i  and  2.  With  points  i  and  2  as  centers  and 
the  same  radius,  draw  arcs  cutting  in  3  and  4. 
Draw  lines  B  4  and  B  3  which  trisect  the  given 
right  angle  ABC. 

Prob.  5. — To  divide  a  given  straight  line  A  B  into  6 
equal  parts  (applicable  for  any  number) . 

Draw  the  line  A  C  at  any  angle  to  A  B  ;  lay 
off  on  this  line  6  divisions,  each  equal  to  about 
|  of  A  B.  Connect  points  6  and  B  by  a  straight 
line.  From  points  i,  2,  3,  4  and  5,  draw  lines 
parallel  with  6  B  cutting  A  B  in  a,  b,  c,  d  and  e. 

Prob.  6. — To  divide  line  A  B  into  the  same  proportional 

parts  as  the  given  line  C  D. 
From  point  A  draw  a  line  at  any  angle  to  A 

B.  Lay  off  on  this  line  the  points  correspond- 
ing to  points  on  line  C  D.  Connect  points  4 
and  B.  From  points  i,  2  and  3,  draw  lines 
parallel  with  4  B,  cutting  the  line  A  B  in  a,  b 
and  c. 

Prob.  7. — To  divide  a  circle  having  the  center  given, 

into  6  equal  parts. 
Draw  the  diameter  1-5.    With  points  i  and  5 

as  centers  and  radius  1-2  describe  arcs  cutting 


the  circle  in  points  3,  4,  6  and  7,  which,  with 
points  i  and  5,  are  the  desired  divisions. 

Prob.  8. — From  point  A  above  the  given  line  B  Q 
draw  a  perpendicular  to  B  C 

With  point  A  as  center  and  any  radius,  cut  B 
C  in  i  and  2.  With  i  and  2  as  centers  and  any 
radius,  draw  arcs  below.  From  A  draw  a  straight 
line  to  point  3,  which  is  the  desired  perpen- 
dicular. 

Prob.  9. — On  a  given  line  A  B  to  erect  a  perpendic- 
ular at  point  A. 

With  point  A  as  center  and  any  radius,  draw 
an  arc  cutting  A  B  in  i.  With  i  as  center 
and  the  same  radius,  lay  off  points  2  and  3. 
With  points  2  and  3  as  centers  and  any  radius, 
describe  arcs  above,  cutting  in  4.  Connect 
points  4  and  A,  thus  erecting  the  desired  per- 
pendicular. 

Prob.  JO.— To  draw  a  line  C  D  parallel  to  a  given  line 
A  B  at  a  given  distance,  as  E  F  above  it. 

Erect  perpendiculars  at  points  i  and  2  by 
Prob.  9,  lay  off  on  these  the  distance  E  F,  giv- 


Plate    i. 


PHOH.I. 

'X 


PROB.£. 


PROB.5. 


-3* 


PROB.  4 


PROB.  8. 


PROB.   6. 


/I    \    \    \ 


b       o 


PROB.    S. 
A 


^-c 


i6 


STRUCTURAL    DRAWING. 


ing  points  3  and  4.     Draw  line  C  D  through  3 
and  4. 

Prob.  1 1. — Through  point  C  draw  the  line  D  E  paral- 
lel to  A  B. 

With  point  C  as  center  and  any  radius,  de- 
scribe an  arc  cutting  A  B  in  i.  With  i  as  cen- 
ter and  same  radius,  describe  an  arc  which  will 
cut  line  A  B  in  2.  With  i  as  center  and  radius 
C  2,  describe  an  arc  cutting  1-3  in  3.  Draw  a 
straight  line  through  points  3  and  C,  which  will 
be  the  required  line  D  E. 

Prob.  12. — To  construct  an  angle  equal  to  a  given 
angle  BAG. 

Draw  the  line  D  F.  With  A  as  center  and 
any  radius,  describe  an  arc  cutting  the  sides  of 
the  angle  in  points  i  and  2.  With  D  as  center 
and  the  same  radius,  describe  an  arc  cutting  D 
F  in  3.  With  radius  1-2,  and  3  as  center,  de- 
scribe an  arc  cutting  3-4  in  4.  Draw  D  E 
through  04.  E  D  F  is  the  angle  required. 

Prob.  13. — Through  point  F  draw  a  straight  line  which 

"would  meet  the  intersection  of  A  B  and  C  D 

if  continued. 

Draw  F  i  and  F  2  at  any  angle.     Connect 


1-2.  From  point  3  anywhere  on  A  B  make  3-4 
parallel  with  1-2,  3  E  parallel  with  i  F,  and  4  E 
parallel  with  2  F.  Pass  a  straight  line  through 
points  F  and  E,  which  will  be  the  desired  line. 

Prob.  14. — Find  the  mean  proportion  between  the 
two  lines  A  B  and  C  D. 

Lay  off  on  E  F,  1-2  equal  to  A  B  and  2-3 
equal  to  C  D.  Bisect  1-3  in  4.  With  4  as  center 
and  radius  4-1,  describe  a  semicircle.  From  2 
erect  a  perpendicular  (Prob.  9)  to  E  F,  cutting 
semicircle  in  5.  2-5  will  be  the  desired  mean. 

Prob.  15. — On  the  given  line  A  B  to  construct  a  square. 
Draw  B   i   perpendicular  to  A  B  (Prob.  9) 

and  equal  to  A  B.  With  points  A  and  i  as 
centers  and  A  B  as  radius,  describe  arcs  cutting 
in  2.  Draw  A-2  and  2-1. 

Prob.  16. — On  a  given  line  A  B  to  construct  an 
equilateral  triangle. 

With  A  and  B  as  centers,  and  A  B  as  radius, 
describe  arcs  cutting  in  i.  Draw  A  i  and  B  i. 

Prob.  17. — Having  given  the  three  sides  of  a  triangle, 
as  A  B,  C  D  and  E  F,  to  construct  the  figure. 

With  point  B  as  center  and  the  radius  C  D, 


Plate  2. 


PBOB.  10. 


I 

* 


\i 


PROB.   II. 


PROB.    12. 


PROB.  15. 


PROB.  14. 


PROS.    16. 

xl  * 


/ 

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1 

' 

\ 
\ 
\ 

/ 

\ 

/ 

\ 

/ 

/ 

\ 

,1 

L4 

i          IS 

. 

c  — 

—  0 

PROB.   18. 

'2 1 = ^» 1" 


/ 


i3 


STRUCTURAL    DRAWING. 


describe  an  arc.  With  point  A  as  center  and 
E  F  as  radius,  describe  an  arc  cutting  the  first 
in  i.  Draw  A  i  and  B  i. 

Prob.  J8. — On  a  given  base  A  B  to  construct  a  regular 
hexagon. 

With  A  and  B  as  centers  and  A  B  as  radius, 
describe  arcs  cutting  in  i.  With  i  as  center 
and  the  same  radius,  describe  a  circle.  A  B  is 
equal  to  ^  of  its  circumference.  Step  off 
points  2,  3,  4  and  5,  and  draw  B-2,  2-3,  3-4,  4-5 
and  5-A. 

Prob.  J9. — Within  a  given  square  A  B  C  D  to  inscribe 
an  octagon. 

Draw  the  diagonals  A  C  and  B  D,  intersect- 
ing in  i.  With  A,  B,  C  and  D  as  centers  and 
radius  A  i,  describe  arcs  2-3,  4-5,  6-7  and  8-9  : 
draw  3-6,  5-8,  7-2  and  9-4. 

Prob.  20. — On  a  given  line  A  B  to  construct  a 
pentagon. 

With  A  and  B  as  centers  and  radius  A  B, 
describe  arcs  cutting  in  i  and  2.  Connect  i 
and  2.  With  i  as  center  and  the  same  radius. 


describe  an  arc  cutting  at  3,  4  and  5.  Pass  a 
line  through  3-4  to  6,  and  one  through  5-4  to  7. 
With  7  and  6  as  centers  and  radius  A  B,  describe 
arcs  intersecting  in  8.  Draw  A  7,  7-8,  8-6  and 
6B. 

Prob.  2J. — On  a  given  base  A  B  to  construct  an 
octagon. 

Erect  perpendiculars  at  A  and  B.  Bisect  the 
exterior  angles  and  set  off  A  i  and  B  2  equal 
to  A  B.  Connect  1-2,  cutting  the  perpendicu- 
lars in  3  and  4.  Make  3-5  and  4-6  equal  to  3-4. 
Extend  line  through  5-6  indefinitely.  Make  5-7, 
6-8,  5-9  and  6-10  equal  to  3  A.  Draw  A  i,  1-7, 
7-9,  9-10,  10-8,  8-2  and  2  B. 

Prob.  22. — Within  a  given  equilateral  triangle  ABC 
to  inscribe  a  circle- 

Bisect  the  angles  of  the  triangle  by  Prob.  3. 
The  bisectors  will  intersect  in  i.  The  perpen- 
dicular distance  from  i  to  any  side  of  the  tri- 
angle will  be  the  radius  of  the  desired  circle. 
Note,  this  problem  is  true  in  any  form  of  tri- 
angle. 


Plate  3. 


PROS.   13. 

P.  ? «  C 


X 


•Ir-//       V\ 


PROB.    21. 


PROS.  22. 


PROB.   23. 

0. _?_ c 


PROB. 


A 


iz 


20 


STRUCTURAL    DRAWING. 


Prob.  23. — Within  a  square  A  B  C  D  to  inscribe  four 

semicircles,  each  touching;  one  side  of  the  square 

and  their  diameters  forming;  a  square. 

Draw  diagonals  A  C  and  D  B,  intersecting 
in  i.  Draw  diameters  passing  through  i.  Draw 
2-3,  3-4,  4-5  and  5-2.  Draw  6-7,  7-8,  8-9  and 
9-6,  which  give  us  points  1 1,  12,  13  and  14,  the 
centers  of  the  required  semicircles. 

Prob.  24. — Within  a  given  equilateral  triangle  ABC 

to  inscribe  three  equal  circles,  each  touching;  two 

sides  of  the  triangle  and  two  other  circles. 

Bisect  the  angles  of  the  triangle,  letting  the 
bisectors  cut  the  sides  of  the  triangle  in  i,  2 
and  3.  With  centers  i,  2  and  3  and  radius  1-2, 
describe  arcs  cutting  bisectors  in  4,  5  and  6,  the 
centers  of  the  required  circles.  A  perpendicu- 
lar (Prob.  8)  from  the  center  of  any  circle  to 
the  side  of  the  triangle  will  determine  the  radius 
of  the  circle,  and  also  the  point  of  tangency. 

Prob.  25. — Within  a  given  circle  to  inscribe  three  semi- 
circles, each  touching;  the  circumscribing;  circle, 
and  their  diameters  forming  a 

regular  triangle. 

Draw  two  diameters,  1-2  and  3-4  at  right  an- 
gles to  each  other,  intersecting  in  5.  Divide 


the  circle  into  twice  as  many  parts  as  there  are 
semicircles  to  be  inscribed,  beginning  at  i. 
Draw  diameters  6-7  and  8-9.  Connect  2-3,  cut- 
ting diameter  8-9  in  10,  which  locates  one  point 
of  the  required  triangle.  With  5  as  center  and 
radius  5-10,  set  off  u  and  12,  which  when  con- 
nected form  the  triangle.  Draw  10-11,  11-12 
and  12-10,  giving  points  13,  14  and  15,  the  cen- 
ters of  the  required  semicircles. 

Prob.  26. — Within  a  given  square  A  B  C  D  to  inscribe 

four  equal  circles,  each  tangent  to  two 

others  and  two  sides  of  a  square. 

Draw  the  diagonals  and  the  diameters  inter- 
secting in  i  and  giving  points  2,  3,  4  and  5. 
Connect  points  2-3,  3-4,  4-5  and  5-2,  intersect- 
ing diagonals  in  6,  7,  8  and  9,  which  will  be  the 
centers  of  the  required  circles. 

Prob.  27. — Within  a  given  circle  to  inscribe  any  num- 
ber of  equal  circles  which  shall  be  tangent  to 
two  others  and  to  the  circumscribing 
circle.    In  this  problem,  five. 

Divide  the  circumference  of  the  circle  into 
twice  as  many  equal  parts  as  there  are  to  be 
circles  inscribed.  Produce  the  diameters  on 


STRUCTURAL    DRAWING. 


21 


either  side  of  2-7  until  they  meet  a  perpendicu- 
lar erected  to  2-7  at  2.  Bisect  angles  12  and  13 
and  let  bisectors  cut  diameter  2-7  in  14.  With 
i  as  center  and  radius  1-14,  draw  a  circle  cut- 
ting diameters  in  15,  16,  17  and  18,  the  centers 
of  the  required  circles. 

Prob.  28. — To  draw  a  line  tangent  to  a  given  circle 
through  a  given  point  A. 

Pass  a  line  through  center  i  and  point  A  in- 
definitely. With  point  A  as  center  and  any  ra- 
dius, cut  this  line  in  points  2  and  3.  With  2 
and  3  as  centers  and  any  radius,  describe  arcs 
cutting  in  4  and  5.  Connect  4  and  5,  which 
will  be  the  desired  line. 

Prob.  29. — To  draw  a  line  tangent  to  a  given  point  A 
in  a  circle  when  the  center  is  not  accessible. 

Draw  any  chord  A  i.  Bisect  the  chord  and 
arc  (Probs.  i  and  2)  in  2  and  3.  With  A  as 
center  and  A  3  as  a  radius,  draw  an  arc  4-5  ; 
with  3  as  center  and  3-5  as  a  radius,  draw  an  arc 
cutting  4-5  in  4.  Draw  line  through  A  4  tan- 
gent to  the  circle. 


Prob.  30. — Draw  a  circle  tangent  to  a  given  point  C  in 

line  A  B  and  through  the  fixed  point  D 

without  the  line. 

At  point  C  erect  a  perpendicular  (Prob.  9). 
Connect  C  D  and  draw  a  perpendicular  to  its 
center  (Prob.  i)  intersecting  the  first  perpendicu- 
lar in  i,  which  is  the  center  of  the  required  circle. 

Prob.  31. — Draw  a  circle  tangent  to  a  given  circle  A, 

also  to  a  given  line  B  C  at  a  given  point  D 

in  the  line. 

Pass  a  line  through  D  perpendicular  to  B  C. 
Lay  off  D  i  the  length  of  the  radius  of  circle 
A  and  draw  A  i.  Draw  perpendicular  to  A  i 
(Prob.  i)  intersecting  the  line  i  D  in  2,  which 
is  the  center  of  the  required  circle.  3  and  D 
are  the  points  of  tangency. 

Prob.  32. — At  a  given  point  E  in  line  D  B  draw  two 

arcs  of  circles  tangent  at  this  point  and  to 

the  two  lines  A  B  and  C  D. 

Make  B  i  equal  to  B  E.  Make  D  2  equal 
to  D  E.  Draw  E  3  perpendicular  to  D  B,  1-4 
perpendicular  to  A  B  and  2-3  perpendicular  to 
C  D.  Points  3  and  4  are  the  centers  of  the 
required  arcs. 


STRUCTURAL    DRAWING. 


Prob.  33.— Having  given  parallel  lines  A  B  and  C  D, 
to  connect  by  two  arcs  of  circle  which  shall 
be  tangent  at  points  B  and  C  and  pass 
through  point  E,  which  is  any- 
where on  line  B  C. 

At  B  and  C  erect  perpendiculars.  Bisect  B 
E  and  E  C,  intersecting  the  perpendiculars  in  i 
and  2,  the  centers  of  the  required  arcs. 

Prob.  34. — To  draw  an  ellipse  by  means  of  a  trammel, 
having  the  axes  given. 

The  semi-diameters  of  the  ellipse  are  repre- 
sented by  A  B  and  A  C.  Lay  off  on  the  straight 
edge  of  a  piece  of  paper  1-2  equal  to  A  B,  also 
3-2  equal  to  A  C.  Keeping  point  i  on  the 
short  diameter  and  point  3  on  the  long,  mark 
off  as  many  points  at  2  as  desired  to  form  the 
curve  of  the  ellipse. 


Prob.  35. — To  draw  a  line  tangent  to  an  ellipse  at  any 
given  point,  as  E,  in  the  curve. 

With  point  C  as  center  and  A  i  as  radius, 
describe  an  arc  cutting  diameter  A  B  in  F  and 
F',  which  points  are  called  foci.  Extend  a  line 
from  F'  through  E  indefinitely.  Make  E  2 
equal  to  E  F.  Bisect  the  angle  F  E  2,  giving 
the  desired  tangent. 

Prob.  36. — To  draw  a  line  tangent  to  an  ellipse,  passing 
through  a  given  point  E  without  it. 

Find  the  foci  as  in  Prob.  35.  With  point  E 
as  center  and  radius  E  F,  describe  an  arc.  With 
F'  as  center  and  A  B  as  radius,  describe  an  arc 
cutting  the  first  arc  in  points  i  and  2.  Connect 
F'  i  and  F'  2,  cutting  the  ellipse  in  points  3 
and  4.  Draw  lines  from  E  through  3  and  4, 
which  will  be  tangent  at  3  and  4. 


Plate  4. 


PROB.  28. 


PROB.  29. 


PHOB.50. 


PROB.  31 


PROB.  32. 
-*-  ,0 


PROB.  53. 


CHAPTER    III. 

SIMPLE  PROJECTION,  INTRODUCING  THE  PRINCIPLES  OF  WORKING  DRAWINGS. 


THE  working  drawings  of  any  object  are  such 
drawings,  accompanied  by  the  proper  measure- 
ments, as  will  tell  all  the  facts  concerning  that 
object.  Such  drawings  if  sent  to  a  mechanic 
would  be  sufficient  to  enable  him  to  perform 
the  desired  piece  of  work  without  further  ex- 
planation. The  number  of  views  required  de- 
pends entirely  upon  the  character  of  the  subject 
to  be  drawn;  for  instance,  in  Plate  5,  Fig.  i, 
two  views  are  sufficient  to  tell  all  that  concerns 
the  cube,  whereas  for  a  more  complicated  object 
three  or  even  more  views  may  be  necessary  to 
tell  all  the  facts. 

Plate  5, — To  draw  the  front  and  top  views  of 
the  cube  in  three  positions. 

Fig.  i  represents  the  cube  so  placed  in  the 
top  view  that  two  edges  are  parallel  to  an  imag- 
inary horizontal  line.  In  drawing  the  front 


view  we  suppose  the  cube  to  be  resting  upon  a 
horizontal  plane  upon  one  of  its  faces,  and  so 
placed  as  to  appear  as  a  square  if  seen  directly 
in  front.  In  the  top  view  we  are  supposed  to 
be  looking  down  upon  the  cube,  its  position 
being  unchanged.  As  noted  before,  the  cube 
will  be  seen  as  a  square  in  both  the  front  and 
top  views,  and  these  should  appear  directly 
above  one  another.  The  space  between  the  two 
views  is  immaterial,  but  should  be  such  as  to 
appear  well  on  the  sheet.  The  horizontal  lines 
should  be  drawn  with  a  T-square,  having  its 
head  against  the  left-hand  edge  of  the  board, 
whereas  the  vertical  lines  should  be  drawn  with 
a  triangle  resting  on  the  edge  of  the  T-square 
blade.  Only  three  measurements  are  necessary. 
They  should  be  carefully  placed  as  indicated  in 
the  drawings,  the  arrow  heads  just  touching  the 


Plate  5. 


FIG.   I. 


FIG.    5. 


FRONT  VIEW 


FRONT   VIEW 


FRONT  VIEW 


26 


STRUCTURAL    DRAWING. 


extension  lines  from  those  that  they  measure, 
not  overrunning  or  falling  short. 

Fig.  2  represents  the  cube  turned  in  the  top 
view  so  that  its  edges  make  angles  of  45°  with 
an  imaginary  horizontal  line. 

Fig.  3  represents  the  cube  turned  in  a  similar 
manner,  but  at  angles  of  30°  and  60°  with  a 
horizontal  line.  In  both  of  these  figures  the 
top  views  should  be  drawn  first.  From  them 
project  down  and  construct  the  front  views  di- 
rectly opposite  the  front  view  in  Fig.  i.  These 
problems  should  be  lined-in  with  a  medium 
grade  pencil,  making  the  result  lines,  or,  in 
other  words,  the  outlines"  of  the  cubes,  strong 
and  black,  uniform  in  thickness  throughout  the 
drawing,  and  much  resembling  an  inked  line. 
Extension  lines  should  be  at  right  angles  to  the 
lines  to  be  measured,  and  measurement  lines 
should  be  left  light.  Care  should  be  given  to 
printing  and  figuring,  as  the  appearance  of  the 
sheet  depends  much  upon  this  feature  of  the 
work.  Figs.  2  and  3  are  not  necessary  as  work- 
ing drawings  of  a  cube,  but  are  given  as  simple 


exercises  for  the  use  of  the  T-square  and  trian- 
gles, and  as  a  method  of  representing  foreshort- 
ened surfaces  and  of  placing  measurements 
upon  inclined  lines. 

Plate  6.— Fig.  i  represents  the  front,  top  and 
side  views  of  an  equilateral  triangular  prism 
placed  so  that  two  of  its  faces  are  equally  visi- 
ble in  the  front  view.  In  this  drawing  the  top 
view  should  first  be  made,  from  which  the 
front  and  side  views  are  projected.  The  stu- 
dent should  take  notice  that  the  width  of  the 
side  view  is  equal  to  the  altitude  of  the  trian- 
gles formed  by  the  top  view  and  not  to  one  of 
its  sides,  as  many  beginners  are  apt  to  suppose. 

Fig.  2. — Draw  the  front  and  top  views  of  a 
regular  hexagonal  prism  according  to  the  meas- 
urements given.  In  this,  as  in  Fig.  i,  the  top 
view  should  be  drawn  first  and  the  front  view 
projected  directly  below.  Both  the  triangle  in 
Fig.  i  and  the  hexagon  in  Fig.  2  may  be  con- 
structed by  the  use  of  the  30°  and  60°  triangle, 
or  more  accurately,  by  the  use  of  the  compasses 
as  given  in  geometric  problems  16  and  18. 


Plate  6. 


FIG.    I. 


FIG.    2.. 


TRIANGULAR 

AND 

HEXAGONAL     PRISMS 


FRONT    VIEW 


SIDE:    VIEW 


FRONT    VIEW 


28 


STRUCTURAL    DRAWING. 


Pkte  7. — The  drawing  at  the  left  represents 
the  front  and  top  views  of  a  square  pyramid. 
Note  that  the  height  of  the  pyramid  is  given 
on  a  measurement  line  parallel  to  the  axis  and 
not  parallel  to  the  slant  line  of  the  pyramid. 

The  chimney  model  is  represented  by  front 
and  top  views  and  a  vertical  section  ;  this  section 


is  supposed  to  be  cut  through  line  A  and  the 
front  half  removed.  The  surface  cut  by  this  ver- 
tical plane  is  section  lined  at  45°.  Different 
pieces  of  material  adjoining  one  another  are  sec- 
tion lined  in  different  directions  as  shown  in 
this  problem. 


Plate  7. 


SQUARE     PYRAMID 

AND 

CHIMNEY     MODEL 


—A— 

1 

H    ,- 

ii 

e"     VI 

I    I         TOP    VIEW  I 

III  II 

I    I      I 

I    I      I 


'T 


i     i 


i 


I 


FRONT     VIEW 


SECTION 


FRONT     VIEW 


STRUCTURAL    DRAWING. 


Plate  8. — The  drawing  at  the  left  represents 
the  front  and  top  views  of  a  paneled  prism 
turned  at  an  angle  of  30°  and  60°.  The  top 
view  should  be  drawn  first ;  the  main  lines  of 
the  prism  and  the  vertical  lines  of  the  panel 
may  then  be  projected  down  to  their  respective 
places  as  indicated  by  the  connecting  lines.  In 
the  drawing  at  the  right  we  have  the  front  and 
top  views,  and  a  vertical  section  of  a  hollow 


flanged  cylinder.  The  top  view  should  be  drawn 
first,  as  in  nearly  all  cases  when  the  object  is 
based  upon  the  cylinder.  As  but  one  piece  cf 
material  is  shown  in  the  section,  all  the  section 
lines  run  in  the  same  direction.  In  mechanical 
drawing,  the  front  view  of  objects  based  upon 
the  cylinder  are  frequently  represented  half  in 
elevation  and  half  in  section,  instead  of  making 
a  separate  drawing  of  the  section,  as  in  this  case. 


Plate  8. 


SQUARE     PRISM 

AND 

HOLLOW      CYLINDER 


*- 

— 
-i"- 

TOP 


1  

VIEW 

1 
"7- 

~±l 

TRONT     VIEW 


SECTION 


FRONT     VIEW 


32  STRUCTURAL    DRAWING. 


Plate  9. — Draw  the  front,  top,  right  and  left  the  front  view.    The  spaces  A',  B',  C',  D'  and  E' 

side  views  of  a  cylinder  and  a  cube,  as  placed  in  of  the  right  side  view  are  equal  to  spaces  A,  B, 

the  drawing.     Locate  the  top  view,  from  which  C,  Dand  Eof  the  top  view    The  vertical  heights 

project  points  down,  so  placing  the  objects  in  in  the  side  views  are  equal  to  those  of  the  front. 


('UNIVERSITY 

' 


Plate  9. 


COMBINATION     or 

CYLINDER   A*°  CUBE: 


4 1 

TOl''    VIEW 


I  I 

I  I 

I  I 

I  I 


r 

•>ICO 

.1 


-EH 


SIDE  VIEW. 


TRONT     VIE1W. 


RI&MT  SIDE  VIEW. 


34 


STRUCTURAL    DRAWING. 


Plate  JO. — Fig.  i  represents  the  front  and  top 
views  of  a  hexagonal  prism.  In  the  front  view 
this  object  shows  two  of  its  faces  equally  and 
is  so  inclined  that  its  base  makes  an  angle  of 
30°  with  the  horizontal  plane.  First,  draw  the 
front  view,  making  the  short  lines  at  30°  and 
the  long  lines  at  60°,  and  the  distances  A  and  B 
in  the  front  view  equivalent  to  A'  and  B'  in 
the  diagram  Fig.  2  ;  this  diagram  being  a  reg- 
ular hexagon.  In  the  top  view  the  distances 
C,  D  and  E  are  equal  to  C',  D'  and  E'  in  the 
diagram.  Having  obtained  the  position  of 
these  horizontal  lines,  project  points  in  the 
front  view  to  corresponding  lines  in  the  top 


view,  giving  points  to  be  connected  by  straight 
lines. 

Fig.  3. — The  top  view  as  shown  in  this 
figure  is  the  same  as  in  Fig.  i,  but  turned  at  an 
angle  of  45°.  The  front  view  of  this  object  in 
the  turned  position  must  be  quite  different  in 
appearance  from  that  in  Fig.  i  ;  but  all  its  points 
will  appear  to  be  at  the  same  height  as  before  it 
was  revolved.  This  being  so,  we  have  simply  to 
project  corresponding  points  in  the  top  and  front 
views  until  the  lines  intersect,  giving  the  several 
points,  which  are  connected  by  straight  lines. 
For  instance,  point  F  may  be  traced  from  one 
view  to  another,  as  shown  in  the  drawing. 


ERSITY 

of  •/ 


Plate   10. 


no.    i. 


FIG.   3. 


FRONT     VCW 


FRONT      VIEW 


35  STRUCTURAL    DRAWING. 


Plate  H. — In  this  plate  we  have  the  hexago-  the  hexagonal  prism  as  shown  on  the  left  por- 

nal  prism  resting  across  the  square  prism,  their  tion    of   the    plate,    proceed    as    in    Plate  10. 

projections  to  be- carried  out  precisely  as  in  the  Measurements   should    be    placed    only  upon 

plate   preceding.     To    find   the   projection  of  lines  that  are  not  foreshortened. 


Plate    i  i . 


HEXAGONAL 

AND 

SQUARE      PRISMS 


FRONT    VIEW 


FRONT    VIEW 


CHAPTER    IV. 


STRUCTURAL  DETAILS. 


PLATES  12,  13  and  14  are  given  to  acquaint 
the  student  with  the  exact  shapes  given  to  the 
principal  members  that  enter  into  the  steel 
structure.  He  should  make  careful  drawings, 
full  size,  according  to  the  given  measurements, 
which  are  taken  directly  from  the  standards 
used  by  the  leading  rolling  mills  of  America. 

The  slant  for  the  flange  in  both  the  I  and 
channel  beams  is  drawn  to  the  American  Stand- 
ard of  one  to  six,  or  i6f  per  cent.  Fillet  A  in 
both  the  I  and  channel  beam  is  formed  by  an 


arc  whose  radius  is  ^  the  thickness  of  the  web 
at  its  thinnest  section.  Fillet  B  is  formed  by 
an  arc  whose  radius  is  equal  to  the  thickness  of 
the  web  plus  j^  of  an  inch. 

If  the  student  cannot  secure  an  engineer's 
scale,  he  may  reduce  the  decimal  fractions  to  the 
nearest  sixteenth  or  thirty-second  of  an  inch. 
With  care  the  scale  illustrated  below  can  be 
made  on  a  heavy  paper.  This  will  give  any 
measurement  necessary  from  ^  of  an  inch  to 
six  inches. 


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STRUCTURAL      DRAWING. 


Plates  15,  1 6,  17  and  18  are  not  given  as 
exercises  in  drawing,  but  as  reference  plates. 
Thus,  Plate  15  presents  the  principal  I  and  chan- 
nel beams  in  general  use.  The  student  will 
notice  that  only  a  portion  of  the  I  and  channel 


beam  is  shown  in  each  case,  just  enough  to 
give  all  the  measurements  necessary  to  make 
the  completed  drawing.  For  instance,  the 
drawing  in  the  upper  left-hand  corner  presents 
the  measurements  for  a  3"  I  beam. 


Plate    15. 


DIMENSIONS  «-  I-BEAMS  *»° CHANNELS 


£.33  — 


4.00- 


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Plate   1 6. 


li" 


DIMENSIONS  OF  ANGLES 

ANGLES   wn-H    EQUAL     LEGS 


'HO 


l*xl*  L 


IB  iffin 

L. 


•*  »          -x  It 

Itxlf  L. 


!— I 


3*"- 


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at- 


ANGLES  W.TM  UNEQUAL    LEGS 

3" 


^zmmmsim        ^mmmm^rn^ 

tt&k'L.  '  '2''-1"- 


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L. 


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V)i«        ill 


fa 


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Plate  17. 


. 


DIMENSIONS  orTEES 
TEEIS  WITH  EQUAL  LEGS 


!?    I    M^a"1-     "    Mfe"^    *    *p}*  "••         -^  ,\fc  ,  I     f     I'tj 


TEES  WITH  UNEQUAL  LEGS 


1s!  _T 

-g- 

— 3i"- 


4i" 


1  ' 


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i 


i-| 

f 
s-«« 


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Plate   1 8. 


DIMENSIONS  «-  Z-BARS 


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I. 


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M!^^  K^~^ 

1    \flMm.w//&  i  vfr///////*^  ^  l. 


*^    m^^ 

%m%  1  wMZ®, 


48 


STRUCTURAL    DRAWING. 


Pkte  19. — Fig.  i  presents  the  conventional 
method  of  representing  the  hexagonal  nut. 
The  student  will  see  by  the  table  of  approxi- 
mate proportions  that  the  nut  is  drawn  to  fit 
a  bolt  £•"  in  diameter.  Arc  A-B  is  struck 
from  center  C  limiting  the  arcs  struck  from  D 
and  E  as  shown  by  the  dotted  lines. 

Fig.  2  presents  the  conventional  method  of 
representing  a  bolt  with  a  square  head  and  nut. 
The  student  should  note  that  the  slant  of  the 
threads  is  equal  to  one  half  the  space  between 


two  adjoining  threads ;  that  is,  A  is  equal  to 
one  half  B. 

The  drawings  on  the  lower  half  of  the  plate 
give  the  exact  shapes  of  completed  rivet  heads. 
The  distance  A  is  governed  by  the  thickness  of 
the  plates  riveted.  In  a  scale  drawing  the  head 
of  the  rivet  is  always  drawn  as  a  semicircle ; 
but  in  copying  this  the  student  should  use  the 
three  centers,  as  indicated,  to  acquire  a  better 
appreciation  of  the  true  shape  of  the  head. 


„•! Avs 


4* 
«i  i 


Ur 


I  «  -?r  *t-         — "T* — 

,         '  ;       rT|      TJV-_ 

i  i'^rvrTSip." 

iXr-r^-T  ;_\j: 


WY 

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.4 


u  '  i      -r*--^ 

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^  D  \        - 


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50 


STRUCTURAL    DRAWING. 


Plate  20.  —  This  sheet  represents  the  standard 
drawings,  given  by  the  American  Bridge  Co., 
of  the  loop  rod,  eye  bar  and  clevis.  Two 
views  are  given  of  both  the  loop  rod  and  eye 
bar,  and  three  of  the  clevis. 


This  plate  makes  an  excellent  exercise  in 
drawing  especially  in  the  use  of  the  tangents. 
To  derive  the  full  benefit  of  the  problem  the 
student  should  make  this  drawing  at  least  one 
half  full  size. 


STRUCTURAL    DRAWING. 


Plate  21. — This  plate  gives  the  working 
drawings  of  a  sleeve  nut  and  turnbuckle,  accord- 
ing to  the  standard  proportions  given  by  the 
American  Bridge  Co. 

The  student  should  first  consider  the  center 


lines,  and  after  they  are  placed  block  in  the 
main  proportions  ;  the  small  details  will  follow 
in  order. 

This  affords  an  excellent  exercise  in  drawing, 
especially  in  the  use  of  the  tangents. 


Plate  2  i . 


L: 


SLEEVE      NUT 


TURNBUCKLE 


5CALE  - 


12 


54 


STRUCTURAL    DRAWING. 


Plate  22. — This  plate  presents  four  typical 
anchors  that  are  in  general  use.  In  each  draw- 
ing the  front  view  and  horizontal  section  are 
shown,  that  is,  the  I  beam  is  supposed  to  be 
cut  horizontally  just  above  its  connection  with 
the  anchor,  thus  showing  the  details  more 


clearly.  In  Fig.  i,  A  represents  the  front  view 
of  the  I  beam  with  its  connections,  B  the  top 
view  or  horizontal  section.  In  drawing  this 
the  student  should  first  consider  the  front  and 
top  views  of  the  I  beam,  after  which  the  anchor 
and  its  details  may  be  added. 


K  I 


Plate  22. 


B 


A 


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STRUCTURAL    DRAWING. 


Plate  23, — Fig.  i  gives  the  front,  top  and 
side  views  of  two  I  beams  connected  by  a  cast 
iron  separator.  For  a  better  understanding  of 
the  separator  see  Fig.  2,  and  for  the  details  of 


the  I  beam  see  Fig.  4.  Fig.  3  presents  a  type 
of  separator  used  in  smaller  beams  than  that  of 
Fig.  i.  The  student  should  make  these  draw- 
ings large,  as  nearly  full  size  as  possible. 


CO 

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STRUCTURAL    DRAWING. 


Plate  24. — This  plate  gives  the  conventional 
signs  for  rivets  as  designed  by  F.  C.  Osborn, 
C.  E. 

Fig.  i  represents  the  front  and  bottom  views 
of  two  angles  riveted  to  a  web  plate.  The 
student  will  note  that  the  four  rivets  at  the  left 
of  the  dotted  line  are  designated  as  Shop;  this 
means  that  the  riveting  is  to  be  done  at  the 
shop  ;  those  at  the  right  of  the  dotted  line  are 


designated  as  Field;  that  is,  the  riveting  is  to  be 
done  at  the  building.  The  student  will  also 
notice  that  the  signs  indicate  whether  the  rivets 
are  to  be  countersunk  or  not,  and  the  side  on 
which  the  countersinking  is  to  occur. 

Fig.  2  gives  the  method  of  showing  whether 
the  heads  of  the  rivets  are  to  be  flattened  or 
not,  and  how  much ;  the  amount  being  indicated 
by  the  diagonal  lines. 


Plate  24. 


OSBORN  RIVET  SIGNS 


SHOP 

PLAIN         COUNTERSUNK  »N°CHIPPE:D 

I     FAR    SIDE             NEAR    SIDE         BOTH    SIDES 

FIELD 

COUNTER  SUNK  *NO  CHIPPED 

FAR    S10F.         NEAR    SIDE         BOTH    SIDES 

PLAIN 
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FLATTEN  CD  TO  i" HIGH 

FAR  SIDE  NEAR  SIDE  BOTH    SIDE.S 


FtG-1- 

FLATTENED  TO 

FAR   SIDE  NEAR  SIDE  BOTH   SIDES 


FLATTENED 


FAR    SIDE  NEAR  SIDE        BOTH  SIDES 


I 


60  STRUCTURAL    DRAWING. 


Plate  25. — This    plate    represents   the   rivet         differs  a  little  from   the  preceding,  being  not 
signs  used  by  the  American    Bridge  Co.  and         quite  as  complete, 
known  as  the  Pencoyd  System.     This  method 


Of 


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62  STRUCTURAL    DRAWING. 


Plate  26. — Fig.  i  gives   the   front   and  top  Fig.  2  represents  the  drawing  of  a  double 

views  of  a  single  laced  column.     The  student  laced  column.     In  this,  as  in  Fig.  i,  the  lacings 

will  note  that  this  is  made  up  of  two  channel  are  drawn   at  an  angle  of  45°. 

beams  held  in  position  by  plates  of   steel,  in  Fig.  3  gives  several  standard  sizes  of  lattice 

this  instance  2"  wide  by  \"  thick.  bars  in  general  use. 


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64 


STRUCTURAL    DRAWING. 


Plate  27. — This  and  the  following  plate  rep- 
resent the  framing  angles  that  are  in  general 
use  among  the  principal  construction  compa- 
nies. The  student  will  note  that  in  every  in- 
stance, the  measurement  from  the  center  of  the 
first  row  of  rivets  to  the  back  of  the  angle  is 


two  and  one  half  inches,  and  from  the  center 
of  the  first  row  to  that  of  the  second,  two 
and  one  quarter  inches.  This  regularity  is  de- 
signed to  simplify  the  punchings  for  the  rivets, 
so  that  the  several  holes  may  be  punched  at  one 
operation. 


or 


« 

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STANDARD  FRAMING  ANGLES 

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68 


STRUCTURAL    DRAWING. 


Plate  29, — This  plate  presents  the  front,  top 
and  side  views  of  the  framing  of  a  steel  floor 
beam  into  a  girder.  The  isometric  drawing  in 
the  upper  right-hand  section  of  the  plate  is 
given  to  show  the  student  more  clearly  the 
relative  positions  of  the  different  members,  the 


positions  of  the  rivets  being  omitted.  The 
size  of  the  rivets  in  this  and  all  other  plates  to 
follow  are  to  be  f "  unless  otherwise  mentioned. 
The  drawing  should  be  made  at  least  one  half 
full  size,  and  all  measurements  placed  as  indi- 
cated. 


O*  'HE 

r  U  N  I  V^.  ft  3  I  T  Y 

* 


Plate  29. 


ISOMETRIC     VIEW 


12'            9"            6"          J"          O 
SCALE  =  I    i.   I     I I     l—4-l 


7o 


STRUCTURAL    DRAWING. 


Plate  30. — This  plate  represents  the  front, 
top  and  sectional  views  of  a  plate  girder. 

This  girder  is  built  up  with  one  central  plate, 
known  as  the  web,  and  reenforced  by  top  and 
bottom  plates  and  angles.  The  student  will 
see  that  the  angles  used  in  the  upper  and  lower 
members  are  5"  x  6"  while  the  stiffeners  or 
upright  angles  are  4"  x  4".  Both  single  and 
double  riveting  is  used  in  this  girder.  The 
space  between  the  rivets  which  is  technically 
called  "  pitch,"  is  governed  by  the  character  of 
the  design  and  the  load  to  be  carried.  The 


maximum  spacing  for  a  f  "  rivet  is  6"  and  the  min- 
imum 2\".  The  distance  between  the  center  of 
a  rivet  and  the  outside  edge  of  any  flange 
should  not  be  less  than  ij". 

The  measurement  directly  to  the  right  of  the 
section  is  read  thus :  Six  3^"  spaces  are  equal 
to  i '-9".  This  applies  to  the  spacing  of  rivets 
when  several  are  spaced  equally  as  in  this 
drawing. 

This  problem  should  be  drawn  at  least  one 
fourth  full  size. 


Plate  30. 


1  f 

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72  STRUCTURAL    DRAWING. 


Plate  31. — This  drawing  represents  the  front,         general    instructions   given    in    the    foregoing 
top  and  sectional  views  of  a  box  girder.     The         plate  may  apply  to  this  drawing. 


Plate  31. 


- 

DETAIL   or 
BOX  GIRDER  . 

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STRUCTURAL    DRAWING. 


Plate  32.— This  drawing  presents  the  front, 
top  and  side  views  of  a  base  together  with  the 
connection  of  a  "closed  column."  The  base  is 
made  of  cast  iron,  the  top  surface  being  faced 
or  planed  off  at  the  mill,  giving  an  even  bear- 
ing surface  for  the  column. 

The  small  circle  at  A  represents  a  hole  in  the 
casting,  about  i£"  in  diameter.  These  holes  are 


arranged  so  the  mason  can  pour  in  grout  (thin 
mortar),  after  the  ba:  e  is  properly  set.  By  this 
method  the  mason  is  able  to  fill  any  openings 
that  may  have  been  left  unfilled. 

This  type  of  base  is  quite  generally  used ; 
but  in  practice,  special  designs  and  dimensions 
must  be  considered  to  meet  the  requirements 
of  the  particular  problem. 


Plate  32. 


DETAIL 


or 


BASE:  FOR  COLUMN 


FACED  1 

L ^ 


76 


STRUCTURAL    DRAWING. 


Plate  33. — This  drawing  gives  the  front,  top 
and  side  views  of  a  "closed  column,"  built  up 
of  plates  and  angles.  It  is  an  enlarged  detail 
of  the  preceding  plate,  taking  in  the  portion  of 


the  column  above  the  face  line.  Detail  A 
gives  the  measurements  necessary  to  make  the 
drawing  of  the  upright  angle,  while  section  B 
gives  the  measurements  for  the  horizontal  angle. 


/--\ s\ 


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r  v ^N c^ r\ c.~\ ci 


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78 


STRUCTURAL     DRAWING. 


Plate  34,  —  This  drawing  presents  an  "  open 
section  column,"  built  up  with  an  I  beam  and 
two  channels.  Detail  A  gives  a  portion  of  the 


necessary  measurements  in  making  the  drawing. 
The  student  should  draw  this  to  a  large  scale  in 
order  to  get  the  full  benefit  of  the  problem. 


•aKt«— 1; 


J,  J, 

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y     ^P 


A A 


T 


V7| 


=£tz.di^. 


>_:i^:_< 


ll 

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8o 


STRUCTURAL    DRAWING. 


Plate  35. — This  plate  presents  a  "  closed  col- 
umn," built  up  of  four  Z-bars  and  three  plates. 
Two  angles  are  used  at  the  base  to  stiffen  and 
create  a  proper  connection  between  the  base 


and  the  column.  Fig.  i  gives  an  enlarged  de- 
tail of  a  portion  of  one  of  the  Z-bars.  This  is 
given  to  assist  the  student  with  the  minor 
details. 


OF  THE 
E 

01 


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UJ 
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82 


STRUCTURAL   DRAWING. 


Plate  36. — This  plate  gives  the  front,  top  and 
side  views  of  the  connection  between  an  I-beam 
and  a  Z-bar  column.  This  is  one  of  the  sim- 
plest connections  in  use,  the  supporting  mem- 
ber being  simply  an  angle  iron.  The  student 
will  note  that  the  solid  black  openings  as  at  A 


indicate  "field  riveting,"  that  is,  the  riveting  is 
to  be  done  as  the  building  is  being  erected. 

Fig.  i  presents  an  enlarged  detail  of  one  of 
the  Z-bars  while  Fig.  2  gives  the  detail  of  an 
I-beam. 


U  z 

2  1 

»  3 

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i  o  o 

s K  5 

U  rrS 

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IO  O 


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84  STRUCTURAL    DRAWING. 


Plate  37. — This    plate    presents    the    front,  forced  or  supported  by  means  of  two  vertical 

top  and  side  views  of  a  Z-bar  column,  showing  angles.     The  student  should  note  that  the  leg 

the  connections  with   I-beams.     The  I-beams  of  the  angle  in  each  case  comes  directly  under 

are  connected  to  the  column  by  means  of  two  the  web  of  the  I-beam, 
horizontal  angles,  the  lower  one  being  reen- 


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to 


86 


STRUCTURAL   DRAWING. 


Plate  38. — This  plate  gives  the  front,  top  and 
side  views  of  a  channel  column  with  its  various 
I-beam  connections.  In  many  respects  the 
connections  in  this  are  similar  to  the  last  plate. 

Just  above  the  I-beam  connections  a  method 


of  splicing  the  column  is  shown  which  usually 
occurs  every  second  story.  Fig.  i  gives  the 
detail  of  the  channel,  Fig.  2  the  detail  of  the 
12"  I-beam,  and  Fig.  3  the  detail  of  the  8" 
I-beam. 


S 


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T  *  4  4||(1)(|)(|)(|) 


O 


tt 


¥ 


O 


•*>- 


^M> 


STRUCTURAL    DRAWING. 


Plate  39.  —  This  plate  gives  a  typical    form 
of  the  Phoenix  segmental  column.     The  col- 


umn  is  seldom  used  on   account  of    expense, 
but  makes  an  excellent  exercise  in  drawing. 


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z 


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(J 


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LJ 
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U 


(0 


90  STRUCTURAL   DRAWING. 


Plate  40. — This  drawing  represents  the  front,         columns   with    its   several    connections.     This 
top  and  side  views  of  one  of  the  typical  Phoenix         plate  makes  a  very  good  exercise  in  drawing. 


92  STRUCTURAL    DRAWING. 


Plate  41. — This  drawing  gives  three  views  of  prevent  the  weight  from  bearing  on  the  outside 

a  typical  cast-iron  column  with  its  connections.  edge  of  the  seat  should  any  deflection  of  the 

The  student  will  note  that  the  top  of   the  beam  take  place, 
lug  or  seat,  has  a  slight  pitch.     This  is  done  to 


OF 

NlVERStTYJ 


co 

z 

o 

h 

O 

u 
z 
z 
o 

O 


0) 

Z 
Z 

D 

O 

O 


CO 

5 


o- 
"„- 


If 

ii 

jTr 

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1*4- 

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U 

< 

U 
<0 


94  STRUCTURAL    DRAWING. 


Plate  42« — This  plate  shows  three  views  of  a  The   connection    used   to    join   the   double 

typical  cast-iron  column  and  its  connections.  The  I-beams  with  the  column  serves  as  a  separator 

connection  at  A  is  arranged  for  a  double  I-beam  as  well  as  a  connection, 
girder,  while  that  at  B  is  for  a  single  I-beam. 


z 


I- 

U     o 

i' 


t 

6 


n 

LJ 


U 


96 


STRUCTURAL    DRAWING. 


Plate  43. — This  drawing  gives  the  front,  top 
and  side  views  of  a  square  cast-iron  column 
with  its  several  connections. 

The  method  of  joining  the  beams  is  shown 
just  above  the  section  A-B.  These  connec- 
tions occur  at  each  floor,  differing  from  steel 
columns,  which  usually  run  through  two  floors. 

The  student  should  note  that  the  I-beams  are 


connected  to  the  column  by  means  of  angles, 
unlike  the  last  two  plates  in  which  cast-iron 
lugs  were  used. 

The  isometric  drawing  in  the  upper  right- 
hand  section  of  the  plate  is  given  to  assist  the 
student  in  reading  and  making  the  drawing. 
The  rivets  and  bolts  are  omitted  in  this  part  of 
the  plate. 


Of 

MlVERSlTYjj 

OF 
r/-l  IFCF* 


CO 

I 

Q. 


STRUCTURAL    DRAWING. 


Plate  44. — The  drawing  in  the  upper  section 
of  the  plate  gives  the  conventional  method  of 
representing  a  typical  beam-plan.  The  student 
will  note  that  the  main  girders  are  represented 
by  a  single  line,  as  at  G ;  while  the  floor  beams 
by  a  line  running  in  the  opposite  direction. 
The  dot-and-dash  line  indicates  the  position  of 
the  tie-rods. 


The  drawing  occupying  the  lower  portion  of 
the  plate  represents  an  enlarged  detail  of  one 
of  the  floor  panels,  showing  the  manner  in 
which  the  beams  and  girders  are  framed  to- 
gether. 

For  a  more  comprehensive  presentation, 
study  the  two  following  plates. 


a-0«NOI_L03S 


1 
1 

- 

ri 

1 

m 

(O 

i 

I" 

H-i 

IOO 


STRUCTURAL    DRAWING. 


Plate  45.— Gives  a  working  drawing  of  terra- 
cotta floor  construction,  end  method,  such  as 


may  be  used  with  the  beam-plan  of  the  fore- 
going plate. 


Plate  45. 


/ 

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12 

. 

/ 

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r=-=^-s=-=^r=^^^=T^-^- 

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TERRA  a 

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H 

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I 

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t               I 

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IS*  |I  BEAM      c.lRDtJ«. 

1 

1                LJ             1 

-/ 

I    SLEEPER                 i  IT 

/       1 

i 

DETAIL    OF 
FLOOR     CONSTRUCTION 


ISOMETRIC     VIEW 

or 
TERRA   COTTA     BLOCK 


i"j 

« 

! 

6  >K— 

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a'  «• 

3CAUE    — 


102 


STRUCTURAL   DRAWING. 


Plate  46. — This  drawing  gives  the  front,  top 
and  right  side  views  of  the  plate  and  angle  col- 
umn used  in  Plate  44.  In  making  the  drawing 
the  student  will  do  well  to  locate  the  main  lines 
of  the  column  and  girder  in  all  three  views  be- 
fore considering  the  minor  details. 

Fig.  i  gives  the  detail  of  the  angle  used  in 


building  up  the  column.  Fig.  2  gives  the  de- 
tail of  the  15"  I-beam  girder.  Fig.  3  gives  the 
detail  of  the  9"  I-beam.  Fig.  4  gives  an  iso- 
metric view  showing  the  relative  positions  of 
the  several  members.  Make  the  drawing  to  as 
large  a  scale  as  possible. 


104 


STRUCTURAL   DRAWING. 


Pkte  47. — This  plate  represents  the  working 
drawings  of  column,  No.  32,  Plate  44,  showing 
the  connections  between  the  spandrel  beams 
and  the  column.  These  beams  are  located  at 
the  floor  level  and  carry  the  wall  above  as  well 
as  their  portion  of  the  floor. 


Figs,  i,  2  and  3  represent  the  front,  top  and 
side  views  of  the  spandrel  girder  as  shown  at 
section  E.  F.,  Plate  44. 

The  student  should  first  lay  out  the  three 
views  of  the  cplumn  and  the  main  15"  girder, 
after  which  proceed  to  the  details. 


Plate  47. 


FIG  3 


FIG  1 


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Plate  4Q. 


COLUMN    CONNECTION, 

WALL  AND  FLOOR 
CONSTRUCTION 


CHAPTER   V. 


STEEL  MILL  CONSTRUCTION. 


Plate  50. — THIS  plate  gives  the  elevation  and 
two  sectional  views  of  a  typical  mill  construc- 
tion. The  corrugated  iron  in  the  elevation  is 
largely  omitted  to  show  the  student  the  method 
of  framing.  In  drawing  this,  it  will  be  well  to 


make  the  sections  first  and  project  directly  from 
these  to  the  elevation.  The  drawing  should  be 
made  large  ;  and  for  a  more  definite  idea  of  the 
construction  the  student  will  do  well  to  con- 
sult the  four  plates  of  details  that  follow. 


o 
m 

g 

J3 

Q. 


2 


O 
(J 


< 
O 


fl 

61 

Pi 

a 
"?* 

4 


no 


STRUCTURAL    DRAWING. 


Pkte  51. — This  plate  presents  the  detail 
drawing  of  a  corner  of  the  building,  including 
a  part  of  the  foundation.  While  making  this 
the  student  should  consult  the  previous  plate, 
and  not  merely  copy  the  lines  as  given.  Every 


line  should  be  considered  in  both  drawings. 

The  corrugated  iron  in  the  top  view  is  shown 
as  a  single  wavy  line.  It  is  best  to  draw  the 
sections  before  the  elevation. 


'UNIVERSITY 

V  /->r 


HV±JO  ^i^yoNoo 
CD 


STRUCTURAL    DRAWING. 


Pkte  52. — This  plate  gives  the  detail  draw- 
ings of  an  upper  corner  of  the  building,  taking 
in  the  cornice. 

The  section  at  the  right  should  be  considered 
before  drawing  the  elevation.  Draw  the  main 


outlines  of  the  frame  before  any  of  the  minor 
details.  Note  that  the  front  view  of  the  gutter 
is  omitted,  leaving  the  framework  to  stand  out 
clearly. 


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in 


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a. 


n6 


STRUCTURAL  DRAWING. 


Plate.  54. — This  illustration  represents  the 
detail  of  the  window  and  a  portion  of  the  foun- 
dation, as  shown  in  Plate  50.  This  and  the 
above  mentioned  plate  should  be  studied  care- 


fully. Draw  the  two  sections  first,  and  then 
project  to  the  front  view,  completing  the  draw- 
ing. 


o 

Q 

z 


U 
Q 


r-.*cH     |_,     K-jfc- 
n 1     3u     i 


3-0+ 

8 


n8  STRUCTURAL    DRAWING. 


Plate  55. — This  plate  presents  the  details  of  In  making  the  drawing  consider  first  the  see- 
the window,  as  shown  in  Plate  50.     This  draw-  tions  and  the  main  framework,  and  later  the 
ing  takes  in  the  upper  portion  of  the  window  as  minor  details, 
well  as  a  section  through  the  meeting-rail. 


Plate  55. 


DETAILS 

OF   WINDOW 


ID 

in 


I22  STRUCTURAL    DRAWING. 


Plate  57. — This  illustration  gives  the  general         ing  consider  the  plates  that  follow,  especially  in 
outlay  of  a  sixty-foot  truss,  showing  the  position         locating  the  smaller  details, 
of  its  several  members.     In  making  this  draw- 


Plate  57. 


DETAIL   or  TRUSS 


124 


STRUCTURAL    DRAWING. 


Plate  58.  —  This  and  the  three  following  plates 
represent  details  taken  at  the  principal  connec- 
tions,  as  shown  in  Plate  57. 

In  this  as  in  the  details  mentioned  several 


views  are  given  to  bring  out  all  the  facts  con- 
cerning  the  connections.  The  student  should 
make  a  careful  study  of  every  portion,  noting 
the  manner  in  which  the  members  are  connected. 


Plate  58. 


DETAILS  OF  TRUSS 


Plate  59. 


DETAILS  or  TRUSS 


i 

I 

i 

1 

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—  1 

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rK 

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y\ 

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fi    (i  (H             V) 

y  * 

i 

SECT  ION  °«C-D 


SECTION  o-A- 


DETAILS  OF  TRUSS 


Plate  60. 


(. 

^ 

Xjijiw: 

\  /" 

AJ^ 

s 

]L 

~M 

4- 

-^Jrvfrr 

7~T 

T     i 

f 

J 

•^ 

Plate  61, 


DETAILS  OF  TRUSS 


CHAPTER   VI. 


IRON    STAIRCASE  CONSTRUCTION. 


Plate  62. — This  plate  gives  the  front,  top  and 
side  views  of  an  iron  staircase.  In  making  a 
drawing  of  this  the  student  should  study  the 
three  following  sheets  of  details  and  not  merely 


copy  the  lines  given.  The  exercise  can  be  made 
more  helpful  by  changing  the  conditions  of  the 
problem  slightly,  and  using  this  as  a  reference 
plate. 


OF  THE 

fuNlVERSlTYj 

OF 


Plate  62. 


DRAWING 


5TAIRCA5E 


134 


STRUCTURAL   DRAWING. 


Plate  63. — This  plate  presents  the  detail  draw- 
ing of  the  lower  portion  of  the  staircase  together 
with  the  newel-post,  as  shown  in  Plate  62. 

The  isometric  drawing  in  the  upper  left-hand 
portion  of  the  sheet  is  given  to  assist  the  student, 


showing  how  the  riser  and  treads  are  secured  to 
the  newel-post  and  the  stringer.  The  student 
in  making  this  drawing  should  first  locate  the 
risers  and  treads  in  all  three  views,  then  the 
newel-posts,  and  finally  the  minor  details. 


late  03. 


136 


STRUCTURAL    DRAWING. 


Plate  64. — This  drawing  gives  the  detail  of 
staircase  taken  at  the  square  landing,  Plate  62, 
showing  the  connections  of  the  risers  and  treads 
with  the  angle-posts  -  and  the  stringers.  The 
isometric  drawings  are  given  to  assist  in  locating 


the  various  members  of  the  staircase  and  show- 
ing their  connections. 

To  make  an  intelligent  drawing  this  problem 
should  be  studied  in  connection  with  the  above 
mentioned  plate. 


Plate  64. 


NOTE-SLATE  ON 

TWEAOS 

SLATt   ON 
LANDING  2THICK 


1 


DETAIL 

OF 

ANGLE  POST 


ISOMETRIC  OT  POST 

SHOWING 
ARRANGEMENT  Of  LUGS 


STRUCTURAL   DRAWING. 


Plate  65. — This  plate  presents  the  upper  sec-         connections  between  the  stringer  and  the  I-beam 
tion  of  the  staircase  (Plate  62),  showing  the        girder. 


I 

-^ 

'ETAIL 

1 

1  — 

- 

I 

1 

4 

J 

"ws" 

— 

• 

1-6'- 


,a 
-ijj . 

•T- 

CM 


T 


Plate  65. 


140 


STRUCTURAL   DRAWING. 


Plate  66. — This  drawing  presents  three  views 
of  an  iron  staircase  which  is  enclosed  on  three 
sides  by  a  brick  wall. 

The  student  should  first  consider  the  plan, 


after  which  carefully  lay  out  the  outline  of  the 
treads  and  risers  in  both  the  front  and  side  views. 
The  following  plates  should  be  carefully  studied 
in  relation  to  the  minor  details. 


I42 


STRUCTURAL    DRAWING. 


Plate  67. — This  plate  presents  the  working 
drawing  of  the  lower  section  of  the  staircase, 
including  a  portion  of  the  newel-post.  By  the 
isometric  drawing  one  will  readily  see  the  con- 
nections of  the  various  parts.  The  details  should 


be  drawn  as  large  as  possible.  The  iron  dowel 
protruding  from  the  lug  on  the  stringer,  as  rep- 
resented at  A,  is  arranged  to  hold  the  slate  tread 
in  position. 


"V! 

.4,VE«8.TV: 


Plate  67. 


DETAIL  or  STAIR 


144 


STRUCTURAL    DRAWING. 


Plate  68, — In  this  drawing  we  have  the  front, 
top  and  side  views  of  an  angle-post,  showing 
how  the  risers  and  treads  are  connected  with  the 
stringers  and  angle-post.  In  making  the  draw- 


ing the  student  should  first  locate  the  angle-post 
in  the  three  views,  then  the  risers  and  treads, 
finally  the  lug  connections.  If  he  follows  this 
method  little  difficulty  will  be  encountered. 


146  STRUCTURAL  DRAWING. 


Plate  69. — This  drawing  gives  the  connection  main  lines  of  the  stringer  and  tread,  finally  the 

between  the  upper  portion  of  the  staircase  and  small  details.     The  isometric  drawing  in  the 

the  floor  construction.     First  locate  the  I-beam,  upper  left-hand  section  of  the  plate  will  greatly 

then  the  floor  and  ceiling  lines,  after  which  the  assist  the  student. 


Plate  69. 


STAIR  DETAILS 


i 

~-*j 

T 


ttt-- 


CvW-S     S'XE"  FLAT  BAR    IMBED 
&W     ED    IN 


148 


STRUCTURAL    DRAWING. 


Plate  70. — This  and  the  following  four  plates 
present  an  iron  staircase  in  which  winders  are 
introduced.  The  main  features  in  this  problem 
are  not  unlike  those  of  the  two  foregoing  exam- 


ples, and  by  carefully  studying  the  isometric 
drawings  little  or  no  difficulty  will  be  encoun- 
tered. 


OF  THE 
UNIVERSITY 

OF 


&        OF  *  ™ 
VUVE*S'TYJ 


M 
1^ 

_o> 
J2 

CL 


Plate  74. 


STAIRCASE  DETAIL 


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